33 Renewable & Storage Design questions from the Electrical Design bank, written for Indian campus drives and tech interviews. Every question has a verified answer and an AI-tutor explanation on placd.
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A.grid-code requirements that wind and solar plants ride through low and high voltage, provide reactive support and respond to frequency
B.module design-qualification tests (thermal cycling, humidity-freeze, mechanical load) and module safety standard; ALMM listing is also mandatory for government projects
C.inverter algorithm such as perturb-and-observe or incremental conductance that tracks the knee of the I-V curve where power peaks as irradiance changes
D.Type 1 fixed-speed induction, Type 2 variable-slip wound rotor, Type 3 DFIG with about 30% partial converter, Type 4 full-converter synchronous
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
2. Which term means: "module design-qualification tests (thermal cycling, humidity-freeze, mechanical load) and module safety standard; ALMM listing is also mandatory for government projects"?
Junior
A.MPPT
B.CEA connectivity standards for RE
C.Wind turbine types
D.IEC 61215 and IEC 61730
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
3. Which statement is correct?
Junior
A.IEC 61215 and IEC 61730 — module design-qualification tests (thermal cycling, humidity-freeze, mechanical load) and module safety standard; ALMM listing is also mandatory for government projects
B.IEC 61215 and IEC 61730 — module power falls about 0.3–0.4% per °C above the 25 °C STC cell temperature, so a 60 °C cell loses 12–14% output
C.IEC 61215 and IEC 61730 — inverter loading ratio of 1.2–1.4 oversizes the array to lift capacity utilisation, accepting clipping at peak irradiance
D.IEC 61215 and IEC 61730 — string units up to a few hundred kW give granular MPPT and easy replacement; central 1–5 MW units give lower cost per watt for uniform utility arrays
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
4. What is MPPT?
Junior
A.module power falls about 0.3–0.4% per °C above the 25 °C STC cell temperature, so a 60 °C cell loses 12–14% output
B.module design-qualification tests (thermal cycling, humidity-freeze, mechanical load) and module safety standard; ALMM listing is also mandatory for government projects
C.GHI is total on a horizontal plane, DNI the direct beam and DHI the diffuse part; most of India receives 4–7 kWh/m² per day
D.inverter algorithm such as perturb-and-observe or incremental conductance that tracks the knee of the I-V curve where power peaks as irradiance changes
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
5. Which term means: "inverter algorithm such as perturb-and-observe or incremental conductance that tracks the knee of the I-V curve where power peaks as irradiance changes"?
Junior
A.String vs central inverter
B.MPPT
C.String sizing
D.Wind turbine types
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
6. Which statement is correct?
Junior
A.MPPT — inverter loading ratio of 1.2–1.4 oversizes the array to lift capacity utilisation, accepting clipping at peak irradiance
B.MPPT — Type 1 fixed-speed induction, Type 2 variable-slip wound rotor, Type 3 DFIG with about 30% partial converter, Type 4 full-converter synchronous
C.MPPT — inverter algorithm such as perturb-and-observe or incremental conductance that tracks the knee of the I-V curve where power peaks as irradiance changes
D.MPPT — GHI is total on a horizontal plane, DNI the direct beam and DHI the diffuse part; most of India receives 4–7 kWh/m² per day
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
7. What is Irradiance terms?
Junior
A.GHI is total on a horizontal plane, DNI the direct beam and DHI the diffuse part; most of India receives 4–7 kWh/m² per day
B.modules in series chosen so Voc at the coldest site temperature stays below the 1000/1500 V limit and Vmp at the hottest stays above MPPT minimum
C.module power falls about 0.3–0.4% per °C above the 25 °C STC cell temperature, so a 60 °C cell loses 12–14% output
D.inverter loading ratio of 1.2–1.4 oversizes the array to lift capacity utilisation, accepting clipping at peak irradiance
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
8. Which term means: "GHI is total on a horizontal plane, DNI the direct beam and DHI the diffuse part; most of India receives 4–7 kWh/m² per day"?
Junior
A.String vs central inverter
B.IEC 61215 and IEC 61730
C.Wind turbine types
D.Irradiance terms
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
9. Which statement is correct?
Junior
A.Irradiance terms — Type 1 fixed-speed induction, Type 2 variable-slip wound rotor, Type 3 DFIG with about 30% partial converter, Type 4 full-converter synchronous
B.Irradiance terms — module power falls about 0.3–0.4% per °C above the 25 °C STC cell temperature, so a 60 °C cell loses 12–14% output
C.Irradiance terms — inverter loading ratio of 1.2–1.4 oversizes the array to lift capacity utilisation, accepting clipping at peak irradiance
D.Irradiance terms — GHI is total on a horizontal plane, DNI the direct beam and DHI the diffuse part; most of India receives 4–7 kWh/m² per day
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
10. What is String sizing?
Mid
A.Type 1 fixed-speed induction, Type 2 variable-slip wound rotor, Type 3 DFIG with about 30% partial converter, Type 4 full-converter synchronous
B.grid-code requirements that wind and solar plants ride through low and high voltage, provide reactive support and respond to frequency
C.module power falls about 0.3–0.4% per °C above the 25 °C STC cell temperature, so a 60 °C cell loses 12–14% output
D.modules in series chosen so Voc at the coldest site temperature stays below the 1000/1500 V limit and Vmp at the hottest stays above MPPT minimum
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
11. Which term means: "modules in series chosen so Voc at the coldest site temperature stays below the 1000/1500 V limit and Vmp at the hottest stays above MPPT minimum"?
Mid
A.DC/AC ratio
B.MPPT
C.String sizing
D.Temperature coefficient
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
12. Which statement is correct?
Mid
A.String sizing — grid-code requirements that wind and solar plants ride through low and high voltage, provide reactive support and respond to frequency
B.String sizing — modules in series chosen so Voc at the coldest site temperature stays below the 1000/1500 V limit and Vmp at the hottest stays above MPPT minimum
C.String sizing — module power falls about 0.3–0.4% per °C above the 25 °C STC cell temperature, so a 60 °C cell loses 12–14% output
D.String sizing — module design-qualification tests (thermal cycling, humidity-freeze, mechanical load) and module safety standard; ALMM listing is also mandatory for government projects
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
13. What is String vs central inverter?
Mid
A.string units up to a few hundred kW give granular MPPT and easy replacement; central 1–5 MW units give lower cost per watt for uniform utility arrays
B.GHI is total on a horizontal plane, DNI the direct beam and DHI the diffuse part; most of India receives 4–7 kWh/m² per day
C.energy equals load times duration over depth of discharge and round-trip efficiency; LFP cells allow 80–90% DoD over 4000-plus cycles
D.Type 2 DC SPDs at array and inverter plus equipotential bonding of module frames per IEC 62305-3 and IEC 61643
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
14. Which term means: "string units up to a few hundred kW give granular MPPT and easy replacement; central 1–5 MW units give lower cost per watt for uniform utility arrays"?
Mid
A.DC/AC ratio
B.String vs central inverter
C.PV surge protection
D.CEA connectivity standards for RE
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
15. Which statement is correct?
Mid
A.String vs central inverter — string units up to a few hundred kW give granular MPPT and easy replacement; central 1–5 MW units give lower cost per watt for uniform utility arrays
B.String vs central inverter — GHI is total on a horizontal plane, DNI the direct beam and DHI the diffuse part; most of India receives 4–7 kWh/m² per day
C.String vs central inverter — module power falls about 0.3–0.4% per °C above the 25 °C STC cell temperature, so a 60 °C cell loses 12–14% output
D.String vs central inverter — energy equals load times duration over depth of discharge and round-trip efficiency; LFP cells allow 80–90% DoD over 4000-plus cycles
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
16. What is DC/AC ratio?
Mid
A.Type 2 DC SPDs at array and inverter plus equipotential bonding of module frames per IEC 62305-3 and IEC 61643
B.Type 1 fixed-speed induction, Type 2 variable-slip wound rotor, Type 3 DFIG with about 30% partial converter, Type 4 full-converter synchronous
C.modules in series chosen so Voc at the coldest site temperature stays below the 1000/1500 V limit and Vmp at the hottest stays above MPPT minimum
D.inverter loading ratio of 1.2–1.4 oversizes the array to lift capacity utilisation, accepting clipping at peak irradiance
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
17. Which term means: "inverter loading ratio of 1.2–1.4 oversizes the array to lift capacity utilisation, accepting clipping at peak irradiance"?
Mid
A.Wind turbine types
B.BESS sizing
C.DC/AC ratio
D.CEA connectivity standards for RE
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
18. Which statement is correct?
Mid
A.DC/AC ratio — modules in series chosen so Voc at the coldest site temperature stays below the 1000/1500 V limit and Vmp at the hottest stays above MPPT minimum
B.DC/AC ratio — inverter algorithm such as perturb-and-observe or incremental conductance that tracks the knee of the I-V curve where power peaks as irradiance changes
C.DC/AC ratio — inverter loading ratio of 1.2–1.4 oversizes the array to lift capacity utilisation, accepting clipping at peak irradiance
D.DC/AC ratio — grid-code requirements that wind and solar plants ride through low and high voltage, provide reactive support and respond to frequency
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
19. What is Temperature coefficient?
Mid
A.module power falls about 0.3–0.4% per °C above the 25 °C STC cell temperature, so a 60 °C cell loses 12–14% output
B.modules in series chosen so Voc at the coldest site temperature stays below the 1000/1500 V limit and Vmp at the hottest stays above MPPT minimum
C.string units up to a few hundred kW give granular MPPT and easy replacement; central 1–5 MW units give lower cost per watt for uniform utility arrays
D.inverter loading ratio of 1.2–1.4 oversizes the array to lift capacity utilisation, accepting clipping at peak irradiance
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
20. Which term means: "module power falls about 0.3–0.4% per °C above the 25 °C STC cell temperature, so a 60 °C cell loses 12–14% output"?
Mid
A.BESS sizing
B.String sizing
C.Wind turbine types
D.Temperature coefficient
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
21. Which statement is correct?
Mid
A.Temperature coefficient — energy equals load times duration over depth of discharge and round-trip efficiency; LFP cells allow 80–90% DoD over 4000-plus cycles
B.Temperature coefficient — module power falls about 0.3–0.4% per °C above the 25 °C STC cell temperature, so a 60 °C cell loses 12–14% output
C.Temperature coefficient — string units up to a few hundred kW give granular MPPT and easy replacement; central 1–5 MW units give lower cost per watt for uniform utility arrays
D.Temperature coefficient — inverter algorithm such as perturb-and-observe or incremental conductance that tracks the knee of the I-V curve where power peaks as irradiance changes
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
22. What is BESS sizing?
Mid
A.GHI is total on a horizontal plane, DNI the direct beam and DHI the diffuse part; most of India receives 4–7 kWh/m² per day
B.inverter algorithm such as perturb-and-observe or incremental conductance that tracks the knee of the I-V curve where power peaks as irradiance changes
C.grid-code requirements that wind and solar plants ride through low and high voltage, provide reactive support and respond to frequency
D.energy equals load times duration over depth of discharge and round-trip efficiency; LFP cells allow 80–90% DoD over 4000-plus cycles
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
23. Which term means: "energy equals load times duration over depth of discharge and round-trip efficiency; LFP cells allow 80–90% DoD over 4000-plus cycles"?
Mid
A.String sizing
B.String vs central inverter
C.BESS sizing
D.PV surge protection
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
24. Which statement is correct?
Mid
A.BESS sizing — Type 2 DC SPDs at array and inverter plus equipotential bonding of module frames per IEC 62305-3 and IEC 61643
B.BESS sizing — Type 1 fixed-speed induction, Type 2 variable-slip wound rotor, Type 3 DFIG with about 30% partial converter, Type 4 full-converter synchronous
C.BESS sizing — energy equals load times duration over depth of discharge and round-trip efficiency; LFP cells allow 80–90% DoD over 4000-plus cycles
D.BESS sizing — GHI is total on a horizontal plane, DNI the direct beam and DHI the diffuse part; most of India receives 4–7 kWh/m² per day
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
25. What is PV surge protection?
Mid
A.Type 2 DC SPDs at array and inverter plus equipotential bonding of module frames per IEC 62305-3 and IEC 61643
B.modules in series chosen so Voc at the coldest site temperature stays below the 1000/1500 V limit and Vmp at the hottest stays above MPPT minimum
C.module power falls about 0.3–0.4% per °C above the 25 °C STC cell temperature, so a 60 °C cell loses 12–14% output
D.inverter algorithm such as perturb-and-observe or incremental conductance that tracks the knee of the I-V curve where power peaks as irradiance changes
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
26. Which term means: "Type 2 DC SPDs at array and inverter plus equipotential bonding of module frames per IEC 62305-3 and IEC 61643"?
Mid
A.DC/AC ratio
B.Wind turbine types
C.String vs central inverter
D.PV surge protection
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
27. Which statement is correct?
Mid
A.PV surge protection — modules in series chosen so Voc at the coldest site temperature stays below the 1000/1500 V limit and Vmp at the hottest stays above MPPT minimum
B.PV surge protection — Type 2 DC SPDs at array and inverter plus equipotential bonding of module frames per IEC 62305-3 and IEC 61643
C.PV surge protection — string units up to a few hundred kW give granular MPPT and easy replacement; central 1–5 MW units give lower cost per watt for uniform utility arrays
D.PV surge protection — inverter algorithm such as perturb-and-observe or incremental conductance that tracks the knee of the I-V curve where power peaks as irradiance changes
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
28. What is CEA connectivity standards for RE?
Senior
A.modules in series chosen so Voc at the coldest site temperature stays below the 1000/1500 V limit and Vmp at the hottest stays above MPPT minimum
B.grid-code requirements that wind and solar plants ride through low and high voltage, provide reactive support and respond to frequency
C.inverter loading ratio of 1.2–1.4 oversizes the array to lift capacity utilisation, accepting clipping at peak irradiance
D.Type 1 fixed-speed induction, Type 2 variable-slip wound rotor, Type 3 DFIG with about 30% partial converter, Type 4 full-converter synchronous
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
29. Which term means: "grid-code requirements that wind and solar plants ride through low and high voltage, provide reactive support and respond to frequency"?
Senior
A.Temperature coefficient
B.CEA connectivity standards for RE
C.String vs central inverter
D.PV surge protection
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
30. Which statement is correct?
Senior
A.CEA connectivity standards for RE — string units up to a few hundred kW give granular MPPT and easy replacement; central 1–5 MW units give lower cost per watt for uniform utility arrays
B.CEA connectivity standards for RE — module power falls about 0.3–0.4% per °C above the 25 °C STC cell temperature, so a 60 °C cell loses 12–14% output
C.CEA connectivity standards for RE — grid-code requirements that wind and solar plants ride through low and high voltage, provide reactive support and respond to frequency
D.CEA connectivity standards for RE — Type 1 fixed-speed induction, Type 2 variable-slip wound rotor, Type 3 DFIG with about 30% partial converter, Type 4 full-converter synchronous
Answer + AI explanation with Pro
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